Generate PDF Using PDF-lib in Node.js

If your Node.js app needs to generate or modify PDFs, pdf-lib is worth a look. It is one of several Node.js PDF libraries, each with different trade-offs. PDF‑lib is a pure JavaScript library for creating and modifying PDF documents. Unlike many alternatives, PDF-lib doesn't rely on native dependencies, making it lightweight and easy to integrate into any Node.js project. This guide covers PDF generation with PDF-lib in Node.js – from basic documents to invoices and forms.

How PDF-lib Works

PDF-lib manipulates PDF documents directly, without external dependencies.

Here's how it works:

• Direct PDF Manipulation: PDF-lib works directly with the PDF format itself – it does not convert HTML to PDF. This is an important distinction, as PDF-lib is designed for programmatic creation and modification of PDF documents, not for rendering web content into PDFs.

• PDF Document Model: PDF-lib creates an in-memory model of a PDF document that mirrors the actual PDF structure. This model includes pages, content streams, objects, and metadata.

• Document Creation Flow: When you create a PDF with PDF-lib, you typically:

  • Create a document object – PDFDocument.
  • Add pages to the document.
  • Embed fonts and other resources (images, etc.).
  • Draw content (text, shapes, images) on pages.
  • Save the document to bytes which can be written to a file.

• Content Coordinates: PDF-lib uses a coordinate system where (0,0) is at the bottom-left corner of the page, with positive x-axis extending to the right and positive y-axis extending upward.

• Asynchronous Operations: Many PDF-lib operations return Promises, so you can load large files without blocking.

Why Choose PDF-lib?

Why pick PDF-lib over other options?

• Pure JavaScript: No native dependencies or binaries required – unlike browser-based tools like Puppeteer that need Chromium.
• TypeScript compatibility: Includes TypeScript type definitions.
• Small footprint: Lightweight compared to alternatives like PDFKit or PDFMake.
• Stable and widely adopted: Millions of weekly npm downloads and a large user base.
• Wide API coverage: Supports text, images, forms, metadata, and PDF modification.

Installing PDF-lib in Node.js

Start by adding PDF-lib to your Node.js project:

npm install pdf-lib

For TypeScript users, the types are included, so no additional packages are needed.

Basic PDF Generation with PDF-lib

Creating a Simple PDF Document

Here's a basic example showing how to create a PDF with text:

const { PDFDocument, rgb, StandardFonts } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createPdf() {
    // Create a new empty PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a new page to the document with default A4 size
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Embed Helvetica font (built-in standard font)
    const helveticaFont = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica);

    // Get page dimensions for positioning
    const { width, height } = page.getSize();
    const fontSize = 30;

    // Place text on the page with specific coordinates
    page.drawText('Hello!', {
        x: 50,                  // Horizontal position from left edge
        y: height - 100,        // Vertical position from bottom edge
        size: fontSize,
        font: helveticaFont,
        color: rgb(0, 0, 0),
    });

    page.drawText('Hope you have an awesome day!', {
        x: 50,
        y: height - 180,
        size: fontSize,
        font: helveticaFont,
        color: rgb(0, 0, 1),
    });

    // Convert document to file and save
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('output.pdf', pdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF created successfully! (output.pdf)');
}

// Handle any potential errors
createPdf().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error creating PDF:', err);
});

This basic script creates a PDF with a single page and adds text to it:

Adding Images to Your PDF

You can also embed images in your PDF documents:

const { PDFDocument } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createPdfWithImage() {
    // Create a new empty PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a new page to the document
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Read local image file
    const imageData = await fs.readFile('image.jpg');

    // Embed image into the PDF
    const embeddedImage = await pdfDoc.embedJpg(imageData);

    // Scale image to fit the page
    const imageDimensions = embeddedImage.scale(0.4);

    // Get page dimensions for positioning
    const { width, height } = page.getSize();

    // Draw image centered horizontally
    page.drawImage(embeddedImage, {
        x: (width - imageDimensions.width) / 2,
        y: height - imageDimensions.height - 50,
        width: imageDimensions.width,
        height: imageDimensions.height,
    });

    // Convert document to file and save
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('output-with-image.pdf', pdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF with image created successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
createPdfWithImage().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error creating PDF with image:', err);
});

PDF-lib supports JPEG and PNG formats

• For PNG images – use pdfDoc.embedPng().
• For JPEG – use embedJpg().

Modifying Existing PDFs with PDF-lib

One of PDF-lib's strengths is its ability to modify existing PDF documents.

Adding a New Page

In the example below, we load an existing PDF, add a new page to it, and place example text:

const { PDFDocument, StandardFonts, rgb } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function modifyPdf() {
    // Load existing PDF
    const existingPdfData = await fs.readFile('example.pdf');
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.load(existingPdfData);

    // Add a new page
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Embed the standard Helvetica font
    const helveticaFont = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica);

    // Get page dimensions
    const { width, height } = page.getSize();

    // Draw text on the new page
    page.drawText('This page was added using PDF-lib!', {
        x: 50,
        y: height - 100,
        size: 30,
        font: helveticaFont,
        color: rgb(0, 0.53, 0.71),
    });

    // Save the modified PDF
    const modifiedPdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('modified.pdf', modifiedPdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF modified successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
modifyPdf().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error modifying PDF:', err);
});

Here is an example output:

Adding a Watermark to Each Page

In this next example, we load an existing PDF and add a watermark to each page:

const { PDFDocument, StandardFonts, rgb, degrees } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function addWatermark() {
    // Load existing PDF
    const existingPdfData = await fs.readFile('file-sample.pdf');
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.load(existingPdfData);

    // Embed the standard Helvetica font
    const helveticaFont = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica);

    // Get all pages in the document
    const pages = pdfDoc.getPages();

    // Add watermark to each page
    pages.forEach(page => {
        const { width, height } = page.getSize();

        const watermarkText = 'CONFIDENTIAL';
        const fontSize = 75;

        page.drawText(watermarkText, {
            x: width / 2 - 180,
            y: height / 2 - 200,
            size: fontSize,
            font: helveticaFont,
            color: rgb(0.9, 0.1, 0.1),
            opacity: 0.2,
            rotate: degrees(45),
        });
    });

    // Save the modified PDF
    const modifiedPdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('watermarked.pdf', modifiedPdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF watermarked successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
addWatermark().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error adding watermark:', err);
});

Example output:

Merging Multiple PDFs

Combining multiple PDF documents into one:

const { PDFDocument } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function mergePdfs() {
    try {
        // Create a new PDF document
        const mergedPdf = await PDFDocument.create();

        // Load the first PDF
        const pdf1Bytes = await fs.readFile('document1.pdf');
        const pdf1 = await PDFDocument.load(pdf1Bytes);

        // Load the second PDF
        const pdf2Bytes = await fs.readFile('document2.pdf');
        const pdf2 = await PDFDocument.load(pdf2Bytes);

        // Copy pages from the first document
        const pdf1Pages = await mergedPdf.copyPages(pdf1, pdf1.getPageIndices());
        for (const page of pdf1Pages) {
            mergedPdf.addPage(page);
        }

        // Copy pages from the second document
        const pdf2Pages = await mergedPdf.copyPages(pdf2, pdf2.getPageIndices());
        for (const page of pdf2Pages) {
            mergedPdf.addPage(page);
        }

        // Save the merged PDF
        const mergedPdfBytes = await mergedPdf.save();
        await fs.writeFile('merged.pdf', mergedPdfBytes);

        console.log('PDFs merged successfully!');
    } catch (err) {
        console.error('Error merging PDFs:', err);
        if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
            console.error('One of the PDF files does not exist');
        }
    }
}

mergePdfs();

Creating PDF Forms with PDF-lib

PDF-lib lets you create interactive forms in PDF documents, such as text inputs, radio buttons, checkboxes, dropdowns, and option lists.

Below is an example of how to create such a form:

Click to view the example

const { PDFDocument } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createForm() {
    // Create a new PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a new page with specified dimensions
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Create a form for the document
    const form = pdfDoc.getForm();

    // Add text input field
    page.drawText('Enter your most ridiculous superpower:', { x: 50, y: 800, size: 16 });
    const superpowerInput = form.createTextField('superpower.input');
    superpowerInput.setText('Professional Nap Taking');
    superpowerInput.addToPage(page, { x: 50, y: 760, width: 440, height: 25 });

    // Add radio button group
    page.drawText('Choose your ultimate procrastination method:', { x: 50, y: 700, size: 16 });
    page.drawText('Binge-watching cat videos', { x: 80, y: 670, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Organizing sock drawer', { x: 80, y: 640, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Scrolling memes', { x: 330, y: 670, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Inventing excuses', { x: 330, y: 640, size: 14 });

    const procrastinationGroup = form.createRadioGroup('procrastination.method');
    procrastinationGroup.addOptionToPage('Binge-watching cat videos', page, { x: 50, y: 670, width: 15, height: 15 });
    procrastinationGroup.addOptionToPage('Organizing sock drawer', page, { x: 50, y: 640, width: 15, height: 15 });
    procrastinationGroup.addOptionToPage('Scrolling memes', page, { x: 300, y: 670, width: 15, height: 15 });
    procrastinationGroup.addOptionToPage('Inventing excuses', page, { x: 300, y: 640, width: 15, height: 15 });
    procrastinationGroup.select('Scrolling memes');

    // Add checkboxes
    page.drawText('Select your dream vacation activities:', { x: 50, y: 580, size: 16 });
    page.drawText('Beach lounging', { x: 80, y: 540, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Adventure sports', { x: 80, y: 510, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Cultural exploration', { x: 330, y: 540, size: 14 });
    page.drawText('Foodie adventures', { x: 330, y: 510, size: 14 });

    const firstActivityBox = form.createCheckBox('vacation.activity1');
    const secondActivityBox = form.createCheckBox('vacation.activity2');
    const thirdActivityBox = form.createCheckBox('vacation.activity3');
    const fourthActivityBox = form.createCheckBox('vacation.activity4');

    firstActivityBox.addToPage(page, { x: 50, y: 540, width: 15, height: 15 });
    secondActivityBox.addToPage(page, { x: 50, y: 510, width: 15, height: 15 });
    thirdActivityBox.addToPage(page, { x: 300, y: 540, width: 15, height: 15 });
    fourthActivityBox.addToPage(page, { x: 300, y: 510, width: 15, height: 15 });

    // Pre-check some activities
    firstActivityBox.check();
    fourthActivityBox.check();

    // Add dropdown for snack selection
    page.drawText('Choose your snack:', { x: 50, y: 440, size: 16 });
    const snackDropdown = form.createDropdown('snack.selection');
    snackDropdown.addOptions(['Pizza', 'Chocolate', 'Nachos', 'Ice Cream']);
    snackDropdown.select('Nachos');
    snackDropdown.addToPage(page, { x: 50, y: 400, width: 440, height: 25 });

    // Add option list
    page.drawText('Select your ultimate awkward moment:', { x: 50, y: 340, size: 16 });
    const awkwardMomentList = form.createOptionList('awkward.moment');
    awkwardMomentList.addOptions([
        'Waving back at no one',
        'Laughing alone in public',
        'Talking to yourself',
        'Tripping on flat ground',
        'Misheard conversation'
    ]);
    awkwardMomentList.select('Tripping on flat ground');
    awkwardMomentList.addToPage(page, { x: 50, y: 220, width: 440, height: 100 });

    // Save the PDF document
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('form.pdf', pdfBytes);
    console.log('Hilarious form created successfully!');
}

// Run the function and handle any errors
createForm().catch(console.error);

Here is the preview of output:

Click to view the interactive PDF

Adding Metadata to Your PDF

Metadata like title, author, and keywords makes your PDFs easier to find and organize.

Here's how to add metadata to a PDF:

const { PDFDocument, rgb, StandardFonts } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createPdf() {
    // Create a new PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a new page
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Embed Helvetica font
    const helveticaFont = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica);

    // Place some text on the page
    page.drawText('This document includes metadata information.', {
        x: 50,
        y: 750,
        size: 24,
        font: helveticaFont,
        color: rgb(0, 0.5, 0),
    });

    // Set document metadata
    pdfDoc.setTitle('The Coding Adventure');
    pdfDoc.setAuthor('Curious Developer');
    pdfDoc.setSubject('Exploring PDF Generation');
    pdfDoc.setKeywords(['pdf-lib', 'nodejs', 'metadata']);
    pdfDoc.setCreator('Code Craft Workshop');
    pdfDoc.setProducer('Learning Project');

    // Save the PDF
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('metadata.pdf', pdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF with metadata created successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
createPdf().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error creating PDF:', err);
});

Drawing Shapes and Lines in PDF-lib

You can also draw shapes with PDF-lib:

const { PDFDocument, rgb, StandardFonts } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createPdfWithShapes() {
    // Create a new PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a blank page
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Draw a rectangle
    page.drawRectangle({
        x: 50,
        y: 700,
        width: 100,
        height: 100,
        color: rgb(1, 0, 0), // Red fill
        borderColor: rgb(0, 0, 0), // Black border
        borderWidth: 2,
        opacity: 0.5, // Semi-transparent
    });

    // Draw a circle
    const centerX = 300;
    const centerY = 700;
    const radius = 50;

    page.drawCircle({
        x: centerX,
        y: centerY,
        size: radius,
        color: rgb(0, 0, 1), // Blue fill
        borderColor: rgb(0, 0, 0), // Black border
        borderWidth: 2,
    });

    // Draw lines
    page.drawLine({
        start: { x: 50, y: 550 },
        end: { x: 500, y: 550 },
        thickness: 3,
        color: rgb(0, 0, 0),
        dashArray: [10, 5], // Dashed line
    });

    // Draw a solid line
    page.drawLine({
        start: { x: 50, y: 500 },
        end: { x: 500, y: 500 },
        thickness: 3,
        color: rgb(0, 0.7, 0.5)
    });

    // Save the PDF
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('shapes.pdf', pdfBytes);

    console.log('PDF with shapes created successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
createPdfWithShapes().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error creating PDF:', err);
});

Here is the output:

Handling Text Wrapping in PDF-lib

PDF-lib's drawText method accepts a maxWidth parameter that wraps text within a given width. This example shows how to use it:

const { PDFDocument, StandardFonts, rgb } = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

async function createPdfWithWrappedText() {
    try {
        // Create a new PDF document
        const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

        // Add a new page
        const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

        // Get page dimensions
        const { width, height } = page.getSize();

        // Embed a standard font
        const font = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.TimesRoman);

        // Sample text to be wrapped
        const text = 'This is a long paragraph that will be automatically wrapped to ' +
            'fit within the specified width. PDF-lib provides options for controlling ' +
            'the line height and text alignment. This makes it easier to create ' +
            'documents with well-formatted text that remains readable.';

        // Draw text
        page.drawText(text, {
            x: 50,
            y: height - 50,
            size: 14,
            font: font,
            color: rgb(0, 0, 0),
            maxWidth: width - 100,
            lineHeight: 16
        });

        // Save the PDF
        const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
        await fs.writeFile('wrapped-text.pdf', pdfBytes);

        console.log('PDF with wrapped text created successfully!');
    } catch (err) {
        console.error('Error creating PDF with wrapped text:', err);
    }
}

createPdfWithWrappedText();

Here is the output:

Advanced Layout Options

For more advanced layout use cases, explore the official PDF-lib documentation. If you need automatic pagination with rich text layout, PDFMake offers a declarative approach, or you can use HTML and CSS for layout via an API.

Real-World Example: Creating a Professional Invoice

Here's a more complete example: building an invoice PDF. It combines text, images, a table, and styled layout.

Click to view complete code

const {PDFDocument, rgb, StandardFonts, degrees} = require('pdf-lib');
const fs = require('fs').promises;

// Invoice data
const invoiceData = {
    // Company information
    company: {
        name: 'AWESOME COMPANY',
        details: [
            'Awesome Company Inc.',
            '123 Business Avenue, Suite 100',
            'San Francisco, CA 94107',
            'contact@example.com',
            '+1 (555) 123-4567'
        ],
        logo: 'logo.png', // Path to company logo
        website: 'www.awesomecompany.com'
    },

    // Invoice details
    invoice: {
        number: 'INV-2025-0427',
        date: 'April 27, 2025',
        dueDate: 'May 27, 2025',
        paymentTerms: 'Net 30'
    },

    // Client information
    client: {
        name: 'Client Company LLC',
        details: [
            'Client Company LLC',
            'Attn: John Smith',
            '456 Client Street',
            'New York, NY 10001',
            'client@example.com'
        ]
    },

    // Invoice items
    items: [
        {id: 1, description: 'Website Development Services', quantity: 1, amount: 3500.00},
        {id: 2, description: 'UI/UX Design', quantity: 1, amount: 1200.00},
        {id: 3, description: 'Content Creation', quantity: 10, amount: 800.00},
        {id: 4, description: 'Hosting Setup (Annual)', quantity: 1, amount: 240.00}
    ],

    // Tax rate
    taxRate: 0.08, // 8%

    // Payment information
    paymentInfo: [
        'Bank: International Bank of Example',
        'Account Name: Awesome Company Inc.',
        'Account Number: 1234567890',
        'Payment Terms: Net 30'
    ],

    // Notes
    notes: 'Thank you for your business! Please make payment by the due date.'
};

// Define colors
const colors = {
    primary: rgb(0.3, 0.4, 0.6),
    lightGray: rgb(0.95, 0.95, 0.95),
    gray: rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8),
    textColor: rgb(0.1, 0.1, 0.1),
    white: rgb(1, 1, 1)
};

// Font sizes
const fontSizes = {
    title: 24,
    heading: 14,
    normal: 12,
    small: 10
};

async function createInvoice() {
    // Create a new PDF document
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add a page
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage();

    // Embed fonts
    const fonts = {
        bold: await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.HelveticaBold),
        regular: await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica),
        oblique: await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.HelveticaOblique)
    };

    // Get page dimensions for positioning
    const {width, height} = page.getSize();

    // Define margins and spacing
    const layout = {
        leftMargin: 40,
        rightMargin: width - 40,
        topMargin: height - 140,
        headerHeight: 140,
        detailLineHeight: 15,
        rowHeight: 20,
        footerHeight: 40
    };

    // Draw header background
    page.drawRectangle({
        x: 0,
        y: layout.topMargin,
        width: width,
        height: layout.headerHeight,
        color: colors.primary
    });

    // Draw company name
    page.drawText(invoiceData.company.name, {
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: height - 50,
        size: fontSizes.title,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.white
    });

    // Load and embed the logo
    try {
        const logoBytes = await fs.readFile(invoiceData.company.logo);
        const logoImage = await pdfDoc.embedPng(logoBytes);
        const logoDims = logoImage.scale(0.04); // Scale down the logo if needed

        page.drawImage(logoImage, {
            x: layout.leftMargin * 3,
            y: height - 135,
            width: logoDims.width,
            height: logoDims.height
        });
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Error loading logo:', error);
    }

    // Draw Invoice text on the right side
    const invoiceTextX = width - 230;
    page.drawText('INVOICE', {
        x: invoiceTextX,
        y: height - 50,
        size: fontSizes.title,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.white
    });

    // Invoice details on the right
    let invoiceDetailY = height - 80;

    page.drawText(`Invoice No: ${invoiceData.invoice.number}`, {
        x: invoiceTextX,
        y: invoiceDetailY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.white
    });

    invoiceDetailY -= layout.detailLineHeight;
    page.drawText(`Date: ${invoiceData.invoice.date}`, {
        x: invoiceTextX,
        y: invoiceDetailY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.white
    });

    invoiceDetailY -= layout.detailLineHeight;
    page.drawText(`Due Date: ${invoiceData.invoice.dueDate}`, {
        x: invoiceTextX,
        y: invoiceDetailY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.white
    });

    // Set up billing sections
    const billingY = height - 200;

    // Bill To section
    page.drawText('BILL TO:', {
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: billingY,
        size: fontSizes.heading,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    let clientY = billingY - 20;
    invoiceData.client.details.forEach((line) => {
        page.drawText(line, {
            x: layout.leftMargin,
            y: clientY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        clientY -= layout.detailLineHeight;
    });

    // Bill From section
    const billFromX = width - 230;
    page.drawText('BILL FROM:', {
        x: billFromX,
        y: billingY,
        size: fontSizes.heading,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    let companyY = billingY - 20;
    invoiceData.company.details.forEach((line) => {
        page.drawText(line, {
            x: billFromX,
            y: companyY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        companyY -= layout.detailLineHeight;
    });

    // Service/Product table
    const tableTop = billingY - 140;
    const tableWidth = width - 80;
    const colWidths = [40, 280, 100, 100]; // ID, Description, Quantity, Amount

    // Table header row
    page.drawRectangle({
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: tableTop - layout.rowHeight,
        width: tableWidth,
        height: layout.rowHeight,
        color: colors.lightGray
    });

    const headers = ['#', 'Description', 'Quantity', 'Amount'];
    let xOffset = layout.leftMargin;

    headers.forEach((header, i) => {
        page.drawText(header, {
            x: xOffset + 5,
            y: tableTop - 15,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.bold,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        xOffset += colWidths[i];
    });

    // Table rows
    let rowY = tableTop - 40;

    invoiceData.items.forEach((item, rowIndex) => {
        // Alternating row colors
        if (rowIndex % 2 === 1) {
            page.drawRectangle({
                x: layout.leftMargin,
                y: rowY - 5,
                width: tableWidth,
                height: layout.rowHeight,
                color: colors.lightGray
            });
        }

        let rowX = layout.leftMargin;

        // Item ID
        page.drawText(item.id.toString(), {
            x: rowX + 5,
            y: rowY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        rowX += colWidths[0];

        // Description
        page.drawText(item.description, {
            x: rowX + 5,
            y: rowY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        rowX += colWidths[1];

        // Quantity (right-aligned)
        page.drawText(item.quantity.toString(), {
            x: rowX + colWidths[2] - 60,
            y: rowY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
        rowX += colWidths[2];

        // Amount (right-aligned with currency formatting)
        page.drawText(`${item.amount.toFixed(2)}`, {
            x: rowX + colWidths[3] - 60,
            y: rowY,
            size: fontSizes.normal,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });

        rowY -= layout.rowHeight;
    });

    // Calculate totals
    const subtotal = invoiceData.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.amount, 0);
    const tax = subtotal * invoiceData.taxRate;
    const total = subtotal + tax;

    // Summary section with totals
    const summaryX = 350;
    const amountX = width - 100;
    rowY -= 10;

    page.drawText('Subtotal:', {
        x: summaryX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    page.drawText(`${subtotal.toFixed(2)}`, {
        x: amountX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    rowY -= layout.rowHeight;

    page.drawText(`Tax (${(invoiceData.taxRate * 100).toFixed(0)}%):`, {
        x: summaryX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    page.drawText(`${tax.toFixed(2)}`, {
        x: amountX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    // Draw line above totals
    page.drawLine({
        start: {x: 330, y: rowY - 10},
        end: {x: layout.rightMargin, y: rowY - 10},
        thickness: 1,
        color: colors.gray
    });

    rowY -= 30;

    page.drawText('Total:', {
        x: summaryX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    page.drawText(`${total.toFixed(2)}`, {
        x: amountX,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    // Draw line
    page.drawLine({
        start: {x: layout.leftMargin, y: rowY - 30},
        end: {x: layout.rightMargin, y: rowY - 30},
        thickness: 1,
        color: colors.gray
    });

    // Payment information
    rowY -= 60;
    const paymentInfoTitle = 'Payment Information:';

    page.drawText(paymentInfoTitle, {
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: rowY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    rowY -= layout.rowHeight;

    invoiceData.paymentInfo.forEach((line, index) => {
        page.drawText(line, {
            x: layout.leftMargin,
            y: rowY - (index * 15),
            size: fontSizes.small,
            font: fonts.regular,
            color: colors.textColor
        });
    });

    // Notes
    const notesY = rowY - 80;
    const notesTitle = 'Notes:';

    page.drawText(notesTitle, {
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: notesY,
        size: fontSizes.normal,
        font: fonts.bold,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    page.drawText(invoiceData.notes, {
        x: layout.leftMargin,
        y: notesY - 20,
        size: fontSizes.small,
        font: fonts.oblique,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    // Footer with light background
    const footerContent = `${invoiceData.company.name} | ${invoiceData.company.website}`;

    page.drawRectangle({
        x: 0,
        y: 0,
        width: width,
        height: layout.footerHeight,
        color: colors.lightGray
    });

    page.drawText(footerContent, {
        x: width / 2 - 120,
        y: 15,
        size: fontSizes.small,
        font: fonts.regular,
        color: colors.textColor
    });

    // Save the PDF
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    await fs.writeFile('invoice.pdf', pdfBytes);

    console.log('Professional invoice created successfully!');
}

// Handle any potential errors
createInvoice().catch(err => {
    console.error('Error creating invoice:', err);
});

This example creates a complete invoice with:

1. Branded header and logo.
2. Company information.
3. Client billing details.
4. Itemized table with product/service descriptions.
5. Financial calculations for subtotal, tax, and total amount.
6. Payment information section.
7. Professional footer.

Here's the generated invoice:

Best Practices for PDF Generation with PDF-lib

Practice	Description
Reuse Font Embeddings	Call embedFont() once and pass the result to every drawText(). Re-embedding the same font per page wastes memory.
Error Handling	Wrap PDFDocument.load() in try-catch – corrupted or password-protected PDFs will throw. Validate file existence before fs.readFile().
Coordinate Helpers	Write small helpers for common positions (margins, centered text). PDF-lib's bottom-left origin makes manual math error-prone.
Image Format	Use JPEG for photos and PNG for graphics with transparency. Avoid large uncompressed PNGs – they inflate file size.
Metadata	Always set setTitle(), setAuthor(), and setCreationDate(). This helps PDF readers display document info and improves indexing.
Testing	Compare generated PDF byte output against a known-good snapshot, or use pdf-parse to extract and assert text content.

Alternative: Template-Based PDF Generation

PDF-lib gives you fine-grained document control, but managing all that coordinate math adds code to your application. For projects where simplicity and scalability matter more, template-based PDF generation APIs like PDFBolt let you design once in HTML/CSS and generate at scale.

Invoice Example with PDFBolt API

Here's how the same invoice from our PDF-lib example would look using PDFBolt's template approach:

Step 1: Design Your Template

1. Create an account at PDFBolt.
2. Use the visual template designer to build your invoice layout with HTML/CSS.
3. Add Handlebars placeholders like {{company.name}} and {{items}} for dynamic content.
4. Test with sample data, publish, and get your template ID.

Step 2: Generate PDFs with Simple API Calls

Here's how the same invoice generation would look using PDFBolt's template system:

Node.js Implementation

const fs = require('fs');

async function generatePdf() {
    const response = await fetch('https://api.pdfbolt.com/v1/direct', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
            'API-KEY': 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
        },
        body: JSON.stringify({
            templateId: 'your-template-id',
            templateData: {
                "company": {
                    "name": "Awesome Company Inc.",
                    "details": [
                        "123 Business Avenue, Suite 100",
                        "San Francisco, CA 94107",
                        "contact@example.com",
                        "+1 (555) 123-4567"
                    ],
                    "website": "www.awesomecompany.com"
                },
                "invoice": {
                    "number": "INV-2025-0427",
                    "date": "April 27, 2025",
                    "dueDate": "May 27, 2025",
                    "paymentTerms": "Net 30"
                },
                "client": {
                    "name": "Client Company LLC",
                    "details": [
                        "Attn: John Smith",
                        "456 Client Street",
                        "New York, NY 10001",
                        "client@example.com"
                    ]
                },
                "items": [
                    {
                        "id": 1,
                        "description": "Website Development Services",
                        "quantity": 1,
                        "amount": 3500.0
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 2,
                        "description": "UI/UX Design",
                        "quantity": 1,
                        "amount": 1200.0
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 3,
                        "description": "Content Creation",
                        "quantity": 10,
                        "amount": 800.0
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 4,
                        "description": "Hosting Setup (Annual)",
                        "quantity": 1,
                        "amount": 240.0
                    }
                ],
                "taxRate": 0.08,
                "paymentInfo": [
                    "Bank: International Bank of Example",
                    "Account Name: Awesome Company Inc.",
                    "Account Number: 1234567890",
                    "Payment Terms: Net 30"
                ],
                "summary": {
                    "subtotal": 5740.0,
                    "tax": 459.2,
                    "total": 6199.2
                },
                "notes": "Thank you for your business! Please make payment by the due date."
            }

        })
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
        const errorText = await response.text();
        throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status} - ${errorText}`);
    }

    const pdfBuffer = await response.arrayBuffer();
    fs.writeFileSync('invoice_pdfbolt.pdf', Buffer.from(pdfBuffer));
    console.log('PDF generated successfully');
}

generatePdf().catch(console.error);

This approach moves the layout work from code to a visual template designer, which can simplify your application code without sacrificing output quality.

Explore Template-Based PDF Generation

Learn more about API-driven PDF creation:

• Template Gallery - Pre-built professional templates.
• API Documentation - Complete integration guide.
• Node.js Examples - Ready-to-use code samples.

Additional PDF Generation Methods – beyond templates, PDFBolt also supports:

• HTML to PDF: Send raw HTML content for direct PDF conversion.
• URL to PDF: Convert any web page to PDF.

Explore HTML to PDF and URL to PDF conversion methods.

Conclusion

PDF-lib is a solid, dependency-free library for generating and modifying PDFs in Node.js. Its pure JavaScript implementation means no Chromium binary, no native add-ons – just npm install and go. The trade-off is that you manage every coordinate, font embedding, and page break yourself.

That works well for invoices, forms, watermarks, and PDF merging. For other use cases, consider these alternatives:

• HTML to PDF conversion: Puppeteer or Playwright render full HTML/CSS into PDFs.
• Declarative layouts: PDFMake uses JSON document definitions with automatic pagination.
• High-volume generation: A dedicated HTML to PDF API handles rendering and scaling for you.

For a side-by-side comparison of all these options, see Top Node.js PDF Generation Libraries Compared.

Remember: life is like a PDF – sometimes you need to add a little structure to make everything look good! 🎨